An interesting (if you are into arms and armour) article (https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9252/4/1/9) on the medieval flail.
It is sometimes suggested that the classic single handed "ball and chain" flail is an invention of Victorian medievalism and didn't really exist. This is a fairly comprehensive demonstration of the error of that. Possibly could have done with a bit more focus on symbolism and reality, especially in connection with divine punishment (a lot of these flails are in the hands of demons and pagans) but probably the fullest assembly of evidence I've come across.
Thank you. A very interesting presentation of evidence.
That's a lot of fails. An impressive but if work there.