Oops! That Etruscan warrior prince was actually a warrior princess

[Mark]

http://www.nbcnews.com/science/oops-etruscan-warrior-prince-was-actually-princess-8C11422309

Last month, archaeologists announced a stunning find: a completely sealed tomb cut into the rock in Tuscany, Italy. The untouched tomb held what looked like the body of an Etruscan prince holding a spear, along with the ashes of his wife. Several news outlets reported on the discovery of the 2,600-year-old warrior prince.

But the grave held one more surprise. A bone analysis has revealed the warrior prince was actually a princess.

Judith Weingarten, an alumna of the British School at Athens, noted the switch on her blog, titled "Zenobia: Empress of the East."

Etruscan tomb

Historians know relatively little about the Etruscan culture that flourished in what is now Italy until its absorption into the Roman civilization around 400 B.C. Unlike their better-known counterparts, the ancient Greeks and the Romans, the Etruscans left no historical documents, so their graves provide valuable insights into their culture.

The new tomb, unsealed by archaeologists in Tuscany, was found in the Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia, a UNESCO World Heritage site where more than 6,000 graves have been cut into the rock.

"The underground chamber dates back to the beginning of the sixth century B.C. Inside, there are two funerary beds carved into the rock," Alessandro Mandolesi, the University of Turin archaeologist who excavated the site, wrote in an email.

When the team removed the sealed slab blocking the tomb, they saw two large platforms. On one platform lay a skeleton bearing a lance. On another lay a partially incinerated skeleton. The team also found several pieces of jewelry and a bronze-plated box that researchers said might have belonged to a woman.

"On the inner wall, still hanging from a nail, was an aryballos [a type of flask] oil-painted in the Greek-Corinthian style," Mandolesi said.

Initially, the lance suggested that the skeleton on the biggest platform was a male warrior, possibly an Etruscan prince. The jewelry probably belonged to the second body, the warrior prince's wife.

But bone analysis revealed that the prince holding the lance was actually a 35- to 40-year-old woman, whereas the second, partially incinerated skeleton belonged to a man.

Given that, what do archaeologists make of the spear?

"The spear, most likely, was placed as a symbol of union between the two deceased," Mandolesi told Viterbo News 24 on Sept. 26.

Weingarten, however, doesn't believe the symbol of unity explanation. Instead, she thinks the spear shows the woman's high status. The other explanation is "highly unlikely," Weingarten told LiveScience. "She was buried with it next to her, not him."

Gendered assumptions

The mix-up highlights just how easily both modern and old biases can color the interpretation of ancient graves.

In this instance, the lifestyles of the ancient Greeks and Romans may have skewed the view of the tomb. Whereas Greek women were cloistered away, Etruscan women, according to Greek historian Theopompus, were more carefree — working out, lounging nude, drinking freely, consorting with many men and raising children who did not know their fathers' identities.

Instead of using objects found in a grave to interpret the sites, archaeologists should first rely on bone analysis or other sophisticated techniques, Weingarten said.

"Until very recently, and sadly still in some countries, sex determination is based on grave goods. And that, in turn, is based almost entirely on our preconceptions. A clear illustration is jewelry: We associate jewelry with women, but that is nonsense in much of the ancient world," Weingarten said. "Guys liked bling, too."

[Patrick Waterson]

The Romans do seem to have considered the Etruscans to be 'degenerate', and later, when Tacitus was writing the Germania, he notes of one tribe:

"Bordering on the Suiones are the nations of the Sitones.  They resemble them in all respects but one - woman is the ruling sex.  That is the measure of their decline, I will not say below freedom, but even below decent slavery."

However Etruscan warrior-princesses (or queens, as 35-40 seems a little old for a princess) are not mentioned in Roman sources, at least as far as I know.

[Mark]

The referenced blog post is here btw: http://judithweingarten.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/how-prince-became-princess.html

[Patrick Waterson]

Thanks, Mark.  Etruscan ladies do seem to have shared the trousers with their menfolk, so to speak, albeit not to the extent of leading or as far as we know being part of an army.  One might however have here the glimmerings of an excuse for a slightly more varied figure selection in a wargames Etruscan army!

[andrew881runner]

I must go to visit that place... I live in Tuscany, Florence, after all.

[stevenneate]

Looks like all the excuse I need to construct an army of Etruscan warrior Amazons.  No more of those Etruscan Third Class inferior spearmen for me!